The table below presents the classification of numerous printers, according to their emission of ultrafine particles. The measurements were conducted according to the methodology presented by He et al. (2007), as outlined below:
He, C., Morawska, L. & Taplin, L. (2007) Particle emission characteristics of office printers. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(17): 6039-6045.
“Instrumentation
A TSI Model 8525 P-Trak Ultrafine Particle Counter (TSI Incorporated, St. Paul, MN, USA) which measures total particle number concentration in the size range from to 0.02-1μm, was used to investigate particle emissions from the printers.
Study Design
The background office particle number concentration was measured when the printer was not printing and the measurement of the concentration was then repeated immediately after the printer had printed one page. The average peak values were then used to calculate the ratio between background concentrations and those measured after printing.
Based on the ratio of particle concentrations measured immediately after the printer printed one page to the background office concentrations, the investigated printers were catalogued into four different classes in terms of particle emission levels including: non-emitters (ratio ≤ 1); low emitters (ratio > 1 and ≤ 5), medium emitters (ratio > 5 and ≤ 10); and high emitters (ratio > 10).”
Table 1. Classification of printers, according to their emission of ultrafine particles.
Printer Manufacturer & Model # |
Classification * |
Investigation Date |
HP Color LaserJet 3600n |
Non-emitter |
1/08/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 3600dn (1) |
Non-emitter |
30/07/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 3600dn (2) |
Low |
30/07/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 3600dn (3) |
High |
6/08/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 3800dn |
High |
10/08/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 4550dn |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP Color LaserJet 4650dn (1) |
High |
10/08/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 4650dn (2) |
Low |
10/08/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 4650dn (3) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP Color LaserJet 4700dn |
High |
10/08/2009 |
HP Color LaserJet 5550dtn |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP Color LaserJet 8500dn |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP Color LaserJet 8550n |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP Color LaserJet CP 3225dn |
Low |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 1020 |
Medium |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 1320n (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 1320n (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 1320n (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 1320n (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 2200dn |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 2300 |
Low |
10/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 2300dn (1) |
High |
10/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 2300dn (2) |
Low |
6/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 2300dtn (3) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 2420dn (1) |
High |
14/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 2420dn (2) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 2605dn |
Low |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 3005dn |
Low |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 3700 |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4 plus |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4000n |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4000tn |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4015 |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4050 |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4050n (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050n (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050n (2) |
Non-emitter |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (2) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (3) |
High |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (4) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (5) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (6) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4050tn (7) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4100 |
Medium |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4200 (1) |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4200 (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (2) |
High |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (3) |
High |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (4) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (4) |
Medium |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (4) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (5) |
Non-emitter |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (6) |
Medium |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (7) |
High |
10/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4200dtn (8) |
Low |
30/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4200tn (1) |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4200tn (1) |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250 (1) |
Medium |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250 (1) |
Medium |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250dtn (1) |
Non-emitter |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4250dtn (2) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250dtn (2) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250dtn (3) |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (2) |
High |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (2) |
High |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (2) |
High |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (2) |
High |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (2) |
High |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (3) |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (3) |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (4) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 4250n (5) |
High |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4345 MFP |
Low |
30/09/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350 (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4350 (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4350 (2) |
High |
7/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (1) |
Medium |
30/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (2) |
High |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (2) |
Low |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (2) |
High |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (2) |
High |
1/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (3) |
High |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (3) |
High |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (3) |
High |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (4) |
Medium |
6/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350dtn (4) |
High |
6/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4350n |
Low |
30/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 4650dtn |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4700 (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4700 (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 4si |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5 (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5 (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5000n |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5100tn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5100tn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5100tn (2) |
Non-emitter |
29/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet 5200 (1) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 5200 (2) |
Medium |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 5200 (3) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 5200dtn |
Non-emitter |
21/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 5500dtn |
Low |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 5m (1) |
Low |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5m (1) |
Low |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5m (1) |
Low |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5n (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5n (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5si |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 5si/nx |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8000dn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8000dn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8000dn (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (1) |
Medium |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (2) |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (3) |
Medium |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (4) |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (5) |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (6) |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8040dn (7) |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet 8150dn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8150dn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8150dn (1) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8150n (1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 8150n(1) |
High |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 9000dn |
Low |
21/03/2007 |
HP LaserJet 9040dn |
High |
28/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet M2727nfs |
Non-emitter |
30/07/2009 |
HP LaserJet M434MFP |
Medium |
14/08/2009 |
HP LaserJet P2015n (1) |
Low |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet P2015n (2) |
High |
18/01/2010 |
HP LaserJet P4015n |
High |
21/01/2010 |
Lexmark C532n |
Medium |
14/08/2009 |
Lexmark E450dn |
Non-emitter |
10/08/2009 |
Lexmark T630 (1) |
Non-emitter |
30/07/2009 |
Lexmark T630 (2) |
Medium |
14/08/2009 |
Lexmark T630 (2) |
Non-emitter |
14/08/2009 |
Lexmark T630 (2) |
Non-emitter |
14/08/2009 |
Lexmark T630 (2) |
Non-emitter |
14/08/2009 |
Mita DC 4060 Photocopier |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICHO Aficio MP C4500 |
Non-emitter |
14/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 1060 Printer/Copier (1) |
Non-emitter |
10/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 1060 Printer/Copier (2) |
Non-emitter |
29/09/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 1060 Printer/Copier (3) |
Non-emitter |
29/07/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 1515 MF Printer/Fax |
High |
10/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 2022 |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICOH AFicio 2060 |
Non-emitter |
10/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 2232 |
Non-emitter |
1/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 3045 |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICOH Aficio 3235C |
Non-emitter |
10/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 3245C (1) |
Non-emitter |
1/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio 3245C (2) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICOH Aficio 3245C (2) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICOH Aficio 3245C (2) |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICOH Aficio C4500 Printer/Copier |
Low |
10/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio CC3000DN |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
RICOH Aficio MP 161SPF |
Non-emitter |
11/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MP 3010 |
Non-emitter |
7/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MP C250 |
Non-emitter |
10/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MP C3000 |
Non-emitter |
6/08/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MP C4000 |
Non-emitter |
30/07/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MP C4500 Printer |
Low |
29/07/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MP2000Le |
Non-emitter |
14/08/2009 |
RICOH AFicio MP6500 |
Low |
29/07/2009 |
RICOH Aficio MPC1500 |
Non-emitter |
7/08/2009 |
RICOH CL3000DN |
Low |
21/03/2007 |
TOSHIBA Studio 350 |
Non-emitter |
21/03/2007 |
TOSHIBA Studio 450 |
High |
21/03/2007 |
TOSHIBA Studio 4520C |
Non-emitter |
28/01/2010 |
# If more than one machine of the same model was tested, they were each assigned a different number (e.g. (1), (2), (3) etc). If the same number is listed more than once, it means that the same machine was tested multiple times.
* For an explanation of why some of the same printers and/or printer models behaved differently, resulting in different classifications, please see the following paper:
Morawska, L., He, C., Johnson, G.R., Jayaratne, R., Salthammer, T., Wang, H., Uhde, E., Bostrom, T., Modini, R., Ayoko, G., McGarry, P. and Wensing, M. (2009) Investigations into the Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Particles Originating from the Operation of Laser Printers. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(4): 1015-1022.
CRICOS No.00213J Last Updated June 3, 2010 Web Administrator